- Tax agencies can track your %blockchainName% transactions, so it’s essential to file your crypto taxes properly. You owe tax any time you sell, swap or dispose of your %blockchainCode% for a profit.
- Transaction data from the %blockchainName% can be downloaded using a block explorer, but analysing this data yourself can be difficult, time consuming and prone to errors.
- Alternatively, you can use Summ, which automatically syncs with the %blockchainName% blockchain and other platforms like exchanges to provide you with a comprehensive tax report.
If you’ve been using %blockchainName%, it’s important to understand how to report your crypto taxes. Like most blockchains, %blockchainName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you. It’s up to users to report their gains, losses, and income based on their activity. This must include all blockchains and exchanges you’ve transacted on, not just %blockchainName%. The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %blockchainName% and crypto taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %blockchainName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %blockchainName% transactions using API or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to pay taxes on %blockchainName%?
If you have been transacting on %blockchainName% during the tax year, or sold any %blockchainCode%, then it’s likely you will need to pay tax based on your trading activity.
Typically, anytime you sell crypto for fiat, trade crypto-to-crypto, or earn crypto income (e.g., through staking or rewards on %blockchainName%), it is considered a taxable event in most countries.
The exact tax you owe (capital gains or income tax) will depend on your local regulations and the specifics of each transaction. Check our list of local crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
Do I have to pay tax if I only bought %blockchainCode% but didn’t sell?
In most parts of the world, you do not pay any tax when you purchase crypto.
It is only when you later dispose of that crypto – i.e., sell it or trade it for another asset – that a taxable event occurs and you need to report it on your tax.
What %blockchainName% transactions are taxable?
The following are common transactions on blockchains like %blockchainName% which are relevant to tax:
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. In crypto, you may be subject to both capital gains and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction:
Capital Gains tax events from %blockchainName%
Whenever you sell %blockchainCode% or make a crypto-to-crypto swap using the %blockchainName% blockchain, you are disposing of an asset.
If the value of the crypto at the time of sale/trade is higher than when you acquired it, you have a taxable capital gain.
If it’s lower, you have a capital loss (which can often be used to offset other gains).
Summ will automatically calculate these gains and losses for each trade using your imported transaction data. It will also account for fees according to your local tax rules.
Income tax from %blockchainName%
If you received crypto as a reward on %blockchainName% for activities such as staking, lending, or yield farming – those tokens are usually considered income.
The value of the crypto at the time and date you received needs to be reported as income. It also forms the cost basis if you later sell the asset.
Summ will automatically categorise income tax events and treat them according to your local tax rules.
How to calculate %blockchainName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %blockchainName% transaction data to Summ. Here’s how:
Sync via API
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data from the %blockchainName% to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time, so that any change in your %blockchainName% balance is reflected in Summ.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %blockchainName% from the list of integrations. Click on Sync via API.
- Enter your Ethereum wallet address. Add an optional nickname, and click 'Add Wallet'.
- Summ automatically imports your %blockchainName% transaction history from the blockchain. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
Generate your tax report
Once your %blockchainName% data is imported to Summ, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. This includes all wallets, blockchains and exchange accounts. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
If you're new to Summ, try our Getting Started Guide for an overview of how the platform works. If you need assistance at any stage, click the chat icon in the bottom right corner to begin a live chat with our expert customer service team.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
Here’s what to do with your exciting and new crypto tax report:
- Review your tax report. After importing, you can generate a tax report for %blockchainName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year. Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
- Download and complete the necessary tax forms. Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax. There are also specific forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that contain the relevant information for crypto. Summ’s reports are designed to be tax-office compliant, making this straightforward.
- File before the deadline. Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %blockchainName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
- Tax agencies can track your %exchangeName% transactions, so you need to file your crypto taxes properly. You owe tax any time you sell, swap or dispose of your crypto for a profit.
- %exchangeName% does not issue tax reports, so you will need to gather the data and calculate taxes yourself.
- Alternatively, you can use Summ, which automatically syncs with your %exchangeName% and other crypto platforms to provide you with a comprehensive tax report.
If you’ve been using %exchangeName%, it’s important to understand how to report your crypto taxes. Like most exchanges, %exchangeName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you. It’s up to users to report their gains, losses, and income from the platform.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %exchangeName% taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %exchangeName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %exchangeName% transactions using API or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to pay taxes on %exchangeName%?
Yes, you will likely need to pay tax if you used %exchangeName% during the tax year.
You will owe capital gains tax or income tax, depending on the nature of your transactions, and whether or not you receive any token rewards from %exchangeName%.
The exact tax you owe will depend on your local regulations and the specifics of each transaction. See our list of local crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
How are %exchangeName% transactions taxed?
The taxation of DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% can vary depending on your tax jurisdiction.
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. You may be subject to both capital gains (CGT) and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction.
Here’s how transactions on DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% might be treated:
%exchangeName% capital gains tax (CGT) events
%exchangeName% income tax events
%exchangeName% that are not taxed
Does %exchangeName% report to the IRS?
%exchangeName% is not required to report user activity to the IRS, however, that does not mean your transactions can’t be traced.
Blockchains are public ledgers, which makes it easy to track a wallet's activity. The IRS uses sophisticated data collection and analysis to match your real-world identity with your on-chain activity.
How to calculate %exchangeName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %blockchainName% transaction data to Summ. Here’s how:
Sync via API
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data from the %blockchainName% to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %blockchainName% from the list of integrations. Click on Sync via API.
- Enter your Ethereum wallet address. Add an optional nickname, and click 'Add Wallet'.
- Summ automatically imports your %blockchainName% transaction history from the blockchain. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %blockchainName% data is imported to Summ, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. This includes all wallets, blockchains and exchange accounts. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
Here’s how to file your crypto tax report with your local tax authority:
1. Review your tax report
After importing, you can generate a tax report for %blockchainName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year.
Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
2. Download and complete the necessary tax forms
Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. Simply check the options in the Downloads section of the tax report and choose the one you need.
For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax, as well as forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that are pre-filled and contain the relevant information for crypto.
Summ’s reports are designed to be tax office compliant and make this straightforward.
3. File before the deadline
Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %blockchainName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
If you’ve been using %exchangeName%, it’s important to understand how to report your crypto taxes. Like most exchanges, %exchangeName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you. It’s up to users to report their gains, losses, and income from the platform.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %exchangeName% taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %exchangeName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %exchangeName% transactions using API or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to pay taxes on %exchangeName%?
If you have been transacting on %exchangeName% during the tax year, then it’s likely you will need to pay tax based on your trading activity.
Typically, anytime you sell crypto for fiat, trade crypto-to-crypto, or earn crypto income (e.g., through staking or rewards on %exchangeName%), it is considered a taxable event in most countries.
The exact tax you owe (capital gains or income tax) will depend on your local regulations and the specifics of each transaction. Check our country-specific crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
Do I have to pay tax if I only bought crypto on %exchangeName% but didn’t sell?
In most parts of the world, you do not pay any tax when you purchase crypto.
It is only when you later dispose of that crypto – i.e., sell it or trade it for another asset – that a taxable event occurs.
What %exchangeName% transactions are taxable?
The following are common transactions on cryptocurrency exchanges like %exchangeName% which are relevant to tax:
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. In crypto, you may be subject to both capital gains and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction:
Capital Gains tax events on %exchangeName%
Whenever you sell or make a crypto-to-crypto swap on %exchangeName%, you are disposing of an asset.
If the value of the crypto at the time of sale/trade is higher than when you acquired it, you have a taxable capital gain.
If it’s lower, you have a capital loss (which can often be used to offset other gains).
Summ will automatically calculate these gains and losses for each trade using your imported transaction data. It will also account for fees according to your local tax rules.
Income tax on %exchangeName%
If you received crypto as a reward on %exchangeName% for activities such as staking, lending, or referral bonuses – those tokens are usually considered income.
The value of the crypto at the time and date you received needs to be reported as income. It also forms the cost basis if you later sell the asset.
Summ will automatically categorise income tax events and treat them according to your local tax rules.
Does %exchangeName% report to the IRS?
If you registered with %exchangeName% as a resident of the United States, then starting in the 2025 tax year, the exchange is required to report your customer data and transactions to the IRS.
Other tax authorities around the globe, like the ATO, HMRC, CRA are also engaged in data-sharing programmes with exchanges like %exchangeName%. They may also use blockchain analytics tools, data-sharing between banks and KYC and AML data to match your identity with your trading activity on %exchangeName%.
Where do I find %exchangeName% tax forms?
Exchanges like %exchangeName% do not provide tax forms with a neat breakdown of your tax obligations. This is because tax rules vary between countries and jurisdictions, which requires specialised software to handle additional complexities of crypto tax. Additionally, any assets you transfer onto the platform will be missing an accurate cost basis.
Fortunately, you can connect your exchange account to Summ via API or upload your transaction data using CSV. Summ will then combine this data with any other accounts or wallets you connect to provide you with an accurate tax report ready to submit to your tax agent, accountant or local tax authority.
You can connect as many supported exchange accounts, wallets or blockchains as you like, with reports available for all previous years on a single plan.
How to calculate %exchangeName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %exchangeName% transaction data to Summ. Here are the two main methods:
Automatic API Import
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time, so that any change in your %exchangeName% balance is reflected in Summ.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %exchangeName% from the list of exchanges. Click on Sync via API.
- Follow the instructions on the right-hand side to find your API key on %exchangeName%.
- Input your API details and click Secure Connect.
- Once authorized, Summ will automatically import your %exchangeName% transaction history. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
CSV File Upload
Not all exchanges provide easy API access; some users might prefer CSV. Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %exchangeName% from the list of exchanges. Click on Upload File.
- Follow the instructions on the right-hand side to find and download your transaction data on %exchangeName%.
- Click Import %exchangeName% CSV to upload your transaction data. Choose your file using the browser or drag and drop it into the window.
- Click Import %exchangeName% CSV to complete the upload.
- Verify the data. The software will parse the CSV and import all transactions. Double-check that the transaction details match your expectations from %exchangeName%. Summ will alert you if any data seems missing or if there are errors in the file.
Note: Some exchanges split different types of transactions into multiple files or have separate histories for sub-accounts. Make sure to import all relevant files to cover your complete trading history.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %exchangeName% data is imported to Summ via API or CSV, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
If you're new to Summ, try our Getting Started Guide for an overview of how the platform works. If you need assistance at any stage, click the chat icon in the bottom right corner to begin a live chat with our expert customer service team.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
Here’s what to do with your exciting and new crypto tax report:
- Review your tax report. After importing, you can generate a tax report for %exchangeName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year. Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
- Download and complete the necessary tax forms. Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax. There are also specific forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that contain the relevant information for crypto. Summ’s reports are designed to be tax-office compliant, making this straightforward.
- File before the deadline. Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %exchangeName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
Disclaimer: This guide is for general information only and is not tax advice. Cryptocurrency tax laws vary by region. Please consult a tax professional for advice tailored to your circumstances.”
- Tax agencies can track your %blockchainName% transactions, so it’s essential to file your crypto taxes properly. You owe tax any time you sell, swap or dispose of your crypto for a profit.
- Wallets like %blockchainName% do not issue tax reports, so you will need to gather the data and calculate taxes yourself manually.
- Alternatively, you can use crypto tax software like Summ, which syncs with %blockchainName% and your other crypto accounts to calculate your crypto tax.
%blockchainName% is a popular crypto wallet that lets you store and manage your cryptocurrency. If you made trades, earned rewards, or interacted with DeFi using %blockchainName%, you may need to report those transactions on your taxes.
%blockchainName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %blockchainName% and crypto taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data to generate a comprehensive tax report.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to file %blockchainName% taxes?
If you have been using %blockchainName% to trade crypto or use DeFi, then you will likely need to pay tax on those transactions.
The exact tax you owe will depend on whether your transactions are classified as capital gains or income. Check our list of local crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
Do I have to pay tax if I only sent crypto to %blockchainName% but didn’t sell?
If you sent crypto to your %blockchainName% wallet and paid transaction fees in crypto (such as Ethereum Gas), then that transaction is a taxable event.
This is because you are taxed any time you dispose of your crypto.
When you pay a network fee in crypto, it is treated as though you sold (i.e., dispose) of your crypto. So even if you only paid a small fee, you will still need to pay a small amount of tax on that transaction.
Summ makes it easy to calculate the total tax owed from your %blockchainName% transactions over the tax year.
What %blockchainName% transactions are taxable?
These are how some common transactions using %blockchainName% are taxed:
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. In crypto, you may be subject to both capital gains and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction.
Summ categorizes these events for you, based on your tax jurisdiction. This helps ensure that you pay the correct tax rate based on your %blockchainName% transactions, and receive any sort of discounts or allowances based on your local tax rules.
Capital Gains tax events from %blockchainName%
Whenever you dispose of crypto using %blockchainName% you are charged capital gains tax.
Disposals include things like selling crypto, swapping crypto-to-crypto, depositing crypto into DeFi, or paying network fees using crypto.
If the value of the crypto at the time of disposal is higher than when you acquired it, you have a taxable capital gain.
If it’s lower, you have a capital loss (which can often be used to offset other gains).
Summ will automatically calculate these gains and losses for each trade using your imported transaction data. It will account for fees according to your local tax rules.
Income tax events from %blockchainName%
If you received crypto as a reward for activities such as staking, lending, or yield farming – those tokens are usually considered income.
The value of the crypto at the time and date you received needs to be reported as income. It also forms the cost basis if you later sell the asset.
Summ will automatically categorise income tax events and treat them according to your local tax rules.
How to calculate your %blockchainName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %blockchainName% transaction data to Summ. Here’s how:
Sync via API
- In Summ, click “Add Account” and select %blockchainName% or the relevant blockchain (e.g., Ethereum, Solana).
- Copy your wallet’s public address.
- Paste your address.
- Summ will scan the blockchain and import all your taxable events: trades, transfers, airdrops, NFT sales, staking rewards, yield farming etc.
- Do this for each address in your wallet.
Upload CSV
If you have a CSV export from a blockchain explorer or the %blockchainName% software, you can upload it manually. However, using the API sync method is usually simpler.
- In Summ, click “Add Account” and select %blockchainName% or the relevant blockchain (e.g., Ethereum, Solana).
- Click Import %blockchainName% CSV to upload your transaction data. Choose your file using the browser or drag and drop it into the window.
- Click Import %blockchainName% CSV to complete the upload.
- Verify the transaction details match your expectations from your %blockchainName% activity. Summ will alert you if any data seems missing or if there are errors in the file.
Note: If you downloaded your CSV from a block explorer, then you will need to upload a CSV for each public address you have in the wallet.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %blockchainName% data is imported to Summ, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. This includes all wallets, blockchains and exchange accounts. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
Need help? Click the chat icon in the bottom right corner to start a live chat with our expert customer service team. Otherwise, try our Getting Started Guide for an overview of how the platform works.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
1. Review your tax report
After importing, you can generate a tax report for %blockchainName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year.
Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
2. Download and complete the necessary tax forms
Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. Simply check the options in the Downloads section of the tax report and choose the one you need.
For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax, as well as forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that are pre-filled and contain the relevant information for crypto.
Summ’s reports are designed to be tax office compliant and make this straightforward.
3. File before the deadline
Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %blockchainName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
- Tax agencies can track your %exchangeName% transactions, so you need to file your crypto taxes properly. You owe tax any time you sell, swap or dispose of your crypto for a profit.
- %exchangeName% does not issue tax reports, so you will need to gather the data and calculate taxes yourself.
- Alternatively, you can use Summ, which automatically syncs with your %exchangeName% and other crypto platforms to provide you with a comprehensive tax report.
If you’ve been using %exchangeName%, it’s important to understand how to report your crypto taxes. Like most exchanges, %exchangeName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you. It’s up to users to report their gains, losses, and income from the platform.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %exchangeName% taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %exchangeName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %exchangeName% transactions using API or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to pay taxes on %exchangeName%?
Yes, you will likely need to pay tax if you used %exchangeName% during the tax year.
You will owe capital gains tax or income tax, depending on the nature of your transactions, and whether or not you receive any token rewards from %exchangeName%.
The exact tax you owe will depend on your local regulations and the specifics of each transaction. See our list of local crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
How are %exchangeName% transactions taxed?
The taxation of DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% can vary depending on your tax jurisdiction.
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. You may be subject to both capital gains (CGT) and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction.
Here’s how transactions on DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% might be treated:
%exchangeName% capital gains tax (CGT) events
%exchangeName% income tax events
%exchangeName% that are not taxed
Does %exchangeName% report to the IRS?
%exchangeName% is not required to report user activity to the IRS, however, that does not mean your transactions can’t be traced.
Blockchains are public ledgers, which makes it easy to track a wallet's activity. The IRS uses sophisticated data collection and analysis to match your real-world identity with your on-chain activity.
How to calculate %exchangeName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %blockchainName% transaction data to Summ. Here’s how:
Sync via API
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data from the %blockchainName% to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %blockchainName% from the list of integrations. Click on Sync via API.
- Enter your Ethereum wallet address. Add an optional nickname, and click 'Add Wallet'.
- Summ automatically imports your %blockchainName% transaction history from the blockchain. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %blockchainName% data is imported to Summ, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. This includes all wallets, blockchains and exchange accounts. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
Here’s how to file your crypto tax report with your local tax authority:
1. Review your tax report
After importing, you can generate a tax report for %blockchainName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year.
Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
2. Download and complete the necessary tax forms
Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. Simply check the options in the Downloads section of the tax report and choose the one you need.
For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax, as well as forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that are pre-filled and contain the relevant information for crypto.
Summ’s reports are designed to be tax office compliant and make this straightforward.
3. File before the deadline
Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %blockchainName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
If you’ve been using %exchangeName%, it’s important to understand how to report your crypto taxes. Like most exchanges, %exchangeName% does not automatically report, calculate, or issue tax forms for you. It’s up to users to report their gains, losses, and income from the platform.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %exchangeName% taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %exchangeName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %exchangeName% transactions using API (where supported) or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is general in nature and not written for a specific tax jurisdiction or audience.
Do I need to pay taxes on %exchangeName%?
Yes, you will likely need to pay tax if you used %exchangeName% during the tax year.
You will owe capital gains tax or income tax, depending on the nature of your transactions, and whether or not you receive any token rewards from %exchangeName%.
The exact tax you owe will depend on your local regulations and the specifics of each transaction. See our list of local crypto tax guides for details on how cryptocurrency is taxed in your jurisdiction.
How are %exchangeName% transactions taxed?
The taxation of DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% can vary depending on your tax jurisdiction.
Most countries typically tax proceeds earned from selling investments differently from money earned as income. You may be subject to both capital gains (CGT) and income tax, depending on the nature of your transaction.
Here’s how transactions on DeFi platforms like %exchangeName% might be treated:
%exchangeName% capital gains tax (CGT) events
%exchangeName% income tax events
%exchangeName% that are not taxed
Does %exchangeName% report to the IRS?
%exchangeName% is not required to report user activity to the IRS, however, that does not mean your transactions can’t be traced.
Blockchains are public ledgers, which makes it easy to track a wallet's activity. The IRS uses sophisticated data collection and analysis to match your real-world identity with your on-chain activity.
How to calculate %exchangeName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %blockchainName% transaction data to Summ. Here’s how:
Sync via API (Where Supported)
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data from the %blockchainName% to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time.
Note: If an API connection is not available on your trading platform, you can always use a custom CSV file to import your transactions into Summ.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %blockchainName% from the list of integrations. Click on Sync via API.
- Enter your Ethereum wallet address. Add an optional nickname, and click 'Add Wallet'.
- Summ automatically imports your %blockchainName% transaction history from the blockchain. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %blockchainName% data is imported to Summ, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
- Import accounts.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report. This includes all wallets, blockchains and exchange accounts. - Review transactions
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy. - Get your tax report
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for your accountant or local tax authority.
How to file your %blockchainName% tax report
Here’s how to file your crypto tax report with your local tax authority:
1. Review your tax report
After importing, you can generate a tax report for %blockchainName% and any other accounts you linked. This report will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for your chosen financial year.
Review it to make sure everything looks correct. If something looks off, return to the Review tab to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly; check the Accounts tab to ensure all your accounts and their transactions have been added.
2. Download and complete the necessary tax forms
Summ can produce specific forms or summaries needed for filing. Simply check the options in the Downloads section of the tax report and choose the one you need.
For example, if you live in the US, it can produce a report ready to upload to TurboTax, as well as forms like Form 8949 and Schedule D that are pre-filled and contain the relevant information for crypto.
Summ’s reports are designed to be tax office compliant and make this straightforward.
3. File before the deadline
Make sure you file your taxes before the deadline in your country. Properly reporting your %blockchainName% crypto activity will keep you compliant and help you avoid any penalties.
If you've been trading crypto on %exchangeName%, understanding how to properly report your taxes is more critical than ever. With the introduction of IRS Form 1099-DA, exchanges like %exchangeName% are now required to report your crypto transactions, profits, loss and income directly to the IRS. However, this information from exchanges may be incorrect or incomplete, and it's up to you to report the accurate figures to the IRS.
The good news is that Summ makes calculating your %exchangeName% taxes quick and easy by automatically importing your data and generating comprehensive tax reports.
Quick steps
1. Create an account on Summ or log in if you already have one.
2. Select %exchangeName% in the Accounts list.
3. Import your %exchangeName% transactions using API or CSV.
4. Let our software calculate your gains, losses, and income.
5. Download your tax report and file it with your taxes.
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is for US taxpayers and is general in nature. Cryptocurrency tax laws are complex and subject to change. Consult a tax professional for advice tailored to your circumstances.
What is Form 1099-DA and how does it affect %exchangeName% users?
Starting in 2026, %exchangeName% will issue Form 1099-DA (Digital Asset Proceeds From Broker Transactions) to report your crypto transactions from the 2025 tax year directly to the IRS. This marks a significant shift in crypto tax reporting.
What will be on your 1099-DA?
For the 2025 tax year (forms issued in early 2026), your 1099-DA will show:
- Gross proceeds from sales and disposals of digital assets on %exchangeName%
- Transaction dates and details
Starting with the 2026 tax year and beyond, your 1099-DA will also include:
- Cost basis information (but only for assets bought and sold on %exchangeName%)
- Adjusted basis and wash sale information
Why your 1099-DA might lead you to overpay on your tax
Here's the challenge: %exchangeName% can only report cost basis for crypto that you bought and sold entirely on their platform.
If you transferred crypto into %exchangeName% from another wallet or exchange, %exchangeName% has no record of your original purchase price (cost basis). In these cases, the 1099-DA may show a blank cost basis or $0 – making it look like your entire proceeds are taxable gains, even when they're not. You could wind up paying thousands of dollars of tax even if you made a loss.
Additionally, the 1099-DA won't capture:
- Transactions on exchanges or wallets that do not report to the IRS
- DeFi activity
- Wallet-to-wallet transfers
This is where Summ becomes essential. Our platform aggregates your complete transaction history across all exchanges, wallets, and DeFi protocols to calculate your true cost basis and ensure your tax report matches the IRS's records while accurately reflecting your actual tax liability.
Do I need to pay taxes on %exchangeName%?
Yes. If you've been transacting on %exchangeName% during the tax year, you're required to report your crypto activity to the IRS.
In the United States, anytime you sell crypto for cash, trade one crypto for another, or earn crypto income (such as staking rewards or referral bonuses on %exchangeName%), it's considered a taxable event.
The type of tax you owe depends on the transaction:
- Capital gains tax applies when you sell or trade crypto
- Income tax applies when you receive crypto as payment or rewards
The IRS treats cryptocurrency as property, which means the same tax rules that apply to stocks and other investments also apply to your crypto transactions on %exchangeName%.
Do I have to pay tax if I only bought crypto on %exchangeName% but didn't sell?
No. Simply buying and holding crypto is not a taxable event in the United States.
You only owe taxes when you later sell, trade, or otherwise dispose of that crypto. However, you should keep careful records of your purchase price and date, as this information will be needed to calculate your cost basis when you eventually sell.
What %exchangeName% transactions are taxable?
The following are common transactions on cryptocurrency exchanges like %exchangeName% which are relevant to tax:
In the US, proceeds from selling investments are taxed differently than income you earn. With crypto, you may be subject to both capital gains and income tax, depending on the transaction type:
Capital Gains tax events on %exchangeName%
Whenever you sell, swap or trade crypto on %exchangeName%, you're disposing of an asset for tax purposes.
If the value at the time of sale is higher than when you acquired it, you have a taxable capital gain. If it's lower, you have a capital loss, which can be used to offset other gains and reduce your tax bill.
Capital gains from crypto are reported on IRS Form 8949 and Schedule D. The proceeds on your Form 8949 must match what's reported on your 1099-DA from %exchangeName%–which is why accurate record-keeping across all your crypto accounts is essential.
Summ automatically calculates your gains and losses for each trade, properly accounts for transaction fees, and generates Form 8949 reports that reconcile with your 1099-DA forms.
Income tax on %exchangeName%
If you received crypto on %exchangeName% through staking rewards, lending interest, referral bonuses, or other earning activities, the IRS treats this as ordinary income.
You must report the fair market value of the crypto on the date you received it as income on your tax return. This value also becomes your cost basis if you later sell those tokens.
Summ automatically identifies and categorizes income events, calculates the USD value at the time of receipt, and ensures everything is reported correctly for IRS compliance.
Does %exchangeName% report to the IRS?
Yes. Starting with the 2025 tax year, %exchangeName% is required by law to report your digital asset transactions to the IRS using Form 1099-DA.
This means the IRS will have a record of your gross proceeds (and eventually cost basis) from crypto transactions on %exchangeName%. You'll receive a copy of your 1099-DA in early 2026 for your 2025 transactions.
The IRS can also use blockchain analytics, bank data sharing, and Know Your Customer (KYC) information to connect your identity to your crypto activity–even across multiple platforms. The bottom line: your crypto transactions are not anonymous to the IRS.
Where do I find %exchangeName% tax forms?
Starting in 2026, %exchangeName% will send you Form 1099-DA showing your gross proceeds from digital asset sales during the 2025 tax year. However, this form alone won't give you everything you need to accurately file your taxes.
Why the 1099-DA isn't enough
Your 1099-DA from %exchangeName% only shows activity on that single platform. It won't include:
- Transactions on other exchanges or wallets you use
- DeFi activity
- Accurate cost basis for crypto you transferred into %exchangeName%
- Complete context for your overall crypto tax situation
Without aggregating data from all your crypto accounts, you risk either overpaying taxes or filing an inaccurate return that doesn't match your 1099-DA–potentially triggering an IRS audit.
How Summ helps
Connect your %exchangeName% account to Summ via API or CSV upload. We'll automatically combine this data with all your other exchanges, wallets, and DeFi protocols to:
- Calculate accurate cost basis across all your accounts
- Generate IRS-compliant tax reports including Form 8949
- Ensure your tax return properly reconciles with your 1099-DA forms
- Identify every taxable event, including those not on your 1099-DA
You can connect unlimited accounts and generate reports for any previous tax year on a single plan.
How to calculate %exchangeName% taxes with Summ
1. Import your data
First, you will need to import your %exchangeName% transaction data to Summ. Here are the two main methods:
Automatic API Import
This method uses a secure API feed to transfer your transaction data to Summ. Using an API ensures that your data will be updated over time, so that any change in your %exchangeName% balance is reflected in Summ.
- Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %exchangeName% from the list of exchanges. Click on Sync via API.
- Follow the instructions on the right-hand side to find your API key on %exchangeName%.
- Input your API details and click Secure Connect.
- Once authorized, Summ will automatically import your %exchangeName% transaction history. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the number of transactions. You’ll see a confirmation when all data is imported.
CSV File Upload
Not all exchanges provide easy API access; some users might prefer CSV. Sign in to Summ or create an account. Navigate to the Accounts tab and click + Add accounts.
- Select %exchangeName% from the list of exchanges. Click on Upload File.
- Follow the instructions on the right-hand side to find and download your transaction data on %exchangeName%.
- Click Import %exchangeName% CSV to upload your transaction data. Choose your file using the browser or drag and drop it into the window.
- Click Import %exchangeName% CSV to complete the upload.
- Verify the data. The software will parse the CSV and import all transactions. Double-check that the transaction details match your expectations from %exchangeName%. Summ will alert you if any data seems missing or if there are errors in the file.
Note: Some exchanges split different types of transactions into multiple files or have separate histories for sub-accounts. Make sure to import all relevant files to cover your complete trading history.
2. Generate your tax report
Once your %exchangeName% data is imported to Summ via API or CSV, you can calculate your taxes with a few clicks.
Add any other exchange accounts, wallets or transaction data to Summ. You will need to upload your entire crypto transaction history for an accurate report.
While Summ does the hard work for you, it may flag some missing data or errors, which you will need to review to ensure accuracy.
Generate a comprehensive tax report ready for the IRS or your accountant.
If you're new to Summ, try our Getting Started Guide for an overview of how the platform works. If you need assistance at any stage, click the chat icon in the bottom right corner to begin a live chat with our expert customer service team.
How to file your %exchangeName% tax report
Here's what to do with your crypto tax report from Summ:
- Review your tax report. After importing all your accounts, generate a comprehensive tax report. This will detail your net capital gains, losses, and income from crypto for the tax year. Review it carefully to ensure all transactions are categorized correctly and all accounts have been added. Your report will show how your transactions reconcile with the 1099-DA forms you'll receive from %exchangeName%.
- Download your IRS forms. Summ generates the specific forms you need for filing, including:
- Form 8949 (Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets)
- Schedule D (Capital Gains and Losses)
- Reports formatted for TurboTax, TaxAct, and other tax software
- Complete transaction histories for audit support
- File before the IRS deadline. The standard deadline for individual US tax returns is April 15th. Make sure you file on time and accurately report all your crypto activity from %exchangeName% and other platforms to avoid penalties and interest charges.
Ready to make tax filing simple?
If you haven’t already, sign up for Summ to get your %exchangeName% tax report in minutes.
With a single account, you have all your transaction data in one place, and the heavy lifting will be done for you for years to come.
Make sure to review your report and then confidently file your taxes knowing you've accurately reconciled your 1099-DA forms with your complete crypto activity. Keeping accurate records and properly reporting your crypto gains and income is crucial for IRS compliance.
If you have any issues or questions, our support team is here to help (reach out via chat or email). Crypto taxes are much easier when you have the right tools – and we're happy to provide that for you.
Ready to get started? Generate your %year% crypto tax report for %exchangeName% now and confidently prepare for tax season!
Disclaimer: The information in this guide is for US taxpayers and is general in nature. Cryptocurrency tax laws are complex and subject to change. Consult a tax professional for advice tailored to your circumstances.
We are proud to announce that our integration with Avalanche is now live, helping users calculate their tax obligations for Avalanche transactions!
Avalanche is an organization whose goal is to empower their users to easily and freely digitize all the world’s assets on one open, programmable blockchain platform. We wanted to help those same users find ease of use throughout the entirety of their Avalanche experience.
Crypto Tax Calculator has developed an integration that allows for automatic importing and categorization of users’ Avalanche transaction activity, meaning they have more time to focus on the exciting things being built and shared on Avalanche, and less on the nuances of taxes.
Quick Start
An avid Avalanche user and keen to get started? Here’s a quick and easy dive into how to import your Avalanche transaction history into Crypto Tax Calculator:
Locate and copy the wallet address associated with your Avalanche account. This is found on the mainpage of your Avalanche wallet, in the top right hand corner. The C-Chain wallet address should start with '0x', the X-Chain wallet address should start with ‘X-avax’ and the P-Chain wallet address should start with ‘P-avax’
In Crypto Tax Calculator enter Avalanche into the search field or scroll down and select from the list.
Enter your Avalanche C-Chain wallet address into Crypto Tax Calculator, provide an optional nickname, and click Add Wallet. It is possible to add multiple wallet addresses after you add the first.
Repeat this process for each of your wallets on Avalanche’s C-Chain, X-Chain and P-Chain.
Your wallets will now sync and Crypto Tax Calculator will pull in all the transactions associated with your Avalanche activity.
Tax Guide for Avalanche
Whether you’ve been building bridging tools, dApps, NFT Marketplaces (or anything for that matter!) on Avalanche, or maybe you’re just a user enjoying the fruits of Avalanche’s ecosystem - Crypto Tax Calculator is the solution for you to correctly manage your transaction history going into tax season.
Once you’ve imported your Avalanche wallets into Crypto Tax Calculator, you’ll be able to see that your transactions on Avalanche-hosted products have been pulled in. The large majority of these will have been auto-categorized by our handy algorithm, but if there’s a few outliers, never fear. If Crypto Tax Calculator hasn’t been able to identify and categorize any transactions, you may need to manually adjust and/or re-categorize some. For more information on how to correctly do so, please refer to our tax categorization guide.
What’s the difference between Avalanche’s C-Chain, P-Chain and X-Chain?
You might be wondering what the difference is between Avalanche’s C-Chain, X-Chain and P-Chain, and by virtue, what the different tax implications are. If so, this is the section for you!
C-ChainThe ‘C’ in C-Chain stands for ‘contract’, meaning that this particular chain allows for the creation of any Ethereum-compatible smart contracts using the C-Chain’s API. If you’ve been using the Avalanche network for DeFi, then this is the particular chain you’ve been interacting with.
P-ChainFollowing on from the acronym trend in the previous paragraph, the ‘P’ in P-Chain stands for ‘platform’. The primary function of this chain within the Avalanche ecosystem is to stake AVAX and serve as a validator.
X-ChainLast but not least, you have Avalanche’s X-Chain, representing the majority of the exchange functionality on their protocol. While you’re still able to send and receive funds on the C-Chain, the X-Chain has a fixed transfer fee so you aren’t hit with any unexpectedly hefty fees.
Avalanche Bridge
Bridging from Ethereum Network to Avalanche
If you bridge an existing, supported token (such as WETH) into Avalanche via the Avalanche Bridge, this conversion is likely to be considered a transfer event and only the fees incurred are taxable. As bridging occurs between two chains, you will need to import both your Ethereum Wallet and your Avalanche Wallet to obtain the complete transaction history between the two chains.
Bridging from Avalanche to Ethereum Network
Currently, the Avalanche Bridge only supports the transfer of ERC20 tokens created on Ethereum to Avalanche and back. As an example; if you’ve got AVAX in your Avalanche wallet that you then send back to the Ethereum Network, this is likely considered a transfer event and only the fees incurred are taxable. Crypto Tax Calculator can automatically determine the transfer of the AVAX when it is sent via the Avalanche Bridge, and can also determine the fees charged to do so. There are two sides of this transaction; the Avalanche side, and the Ethereum Network side. This means that two instances of transfer fees will be taxable.
Avalanche: Once your Avalanche wallets are imported into Crypto Tax Calculator, you will be able to see the transfer of the relevant tokens when they are sent to Avalanche via the Avalanche Bridge. You will also be able to see the transfer cost associated with this action.
Ethereum Network: To correctly determine the transfer fee of the bridged token, you will need to import your associated Ethereum wallet where you received the token from the Avalanche Bridge. Crypto Tax Calculator will then automatically categorize this transfer and associated fee.
Bridging between Avalanche's C-Chain and X-Chain
Users can transfer AVAX between Avalanche chains, an example of which would be moving AVAX from the C-Chain to the X-Chain to capitalize on the minimal transfer fees. These transactions are cross-chain, and are therefore similar to the movement of funds from Avalanche to Ethereum mainnet as detailed earlier. As before, there are two sides to this transfer; the C-Chain side and the X-Chain side. This means that two instances of transfer fees will be taxable. For Crypto Tax Calculator to be able to identify and categorize these transactions, you’ll need to import both your C-Chain and X-Chain wallet addresses.
Staking
While the Avalanche P-Chain is the place where validation happens, staking can also occur within dApps on Avalanche’s C-Chain. An example of this is the staking program within the DEX “Pangolin”. With staking on a DEX like Pangolin, you’re passing ownership of your asset into the exchange’s custody in exchange for another token, which incurs a disposal event. This is different to staking protocols (such as those on Avalanche’s P-Chain) which are locked and incur interest at regular intervals. On the C-Chain at the point of claiming from the exchange, you’ll be participating in a crypto-to-crypto transfer, which is also a taxable event. Our calculator will be able to recognize these transactions as their relevant categories.
In regards to validators on Avalanche’s P-Chain, in most jurisdictions any gain from acting as a validator is taxable as ordinary income at its market value on the date you receive it. Depending on the length of time the validation period is set will affect how often these taxable events occur. If at a later date, the validator sells the crypto received as a reward from acting as a validator, this sale will be subject to capital gains tax.
Yield Farming
First up, let’s go into the difference between yield farming and staking. Both are passive income streams that are quite similar in concept, but have a few key differences. Staking offers increased returns (APY) when a user chooses to lock in their funds for prolonged periods of time. Yield farming on the other hand doesn’t require users to lock in their funds. Yield farming also incurs more transaction fees as a result of switching between liquidity pools. These and other factors come into play when tax time comes around.
If you’ve been yield farming using Avalanche platforms and earning income, this income will likely be subject to income tax. If you’ve been making a gain through yield farming (by selling, swapping or spending crypto in the process of yield farming), this will likely be subject to capital gains tax.
Swap / Trade / Borrow
Whether you’re swapping a token on Avalanche for another, sending and receiving funds from X-Chain to C-Chain, trading tokens in return for other assets, or borrowing tokens through a lending platform like Aave, all these actions are likely considered a ‘disposal’. In order to start trading on Avalanche, you will need to have some amount of their native token, AVAX. An example of a typical taxable event for Avalanche users would be swapping your bridged WETH to AVAX within a DEX such as Pangolin to then use your AVAX in an Avalanche dApp. This would be considered a ‘disposal’ event. Like any disposal event, transactions of this kind will be taxed with Capital Gains Tax. Crypto Tax Calculator recognizes these transactions and after you import your data into our platform, it will automatically categorize them for you according to the current legislation in your tax jurisdiction.
DApps
A large proportion of Avalanche’s C-Chain is dedicated to supporting dApps (decentralized applications). If you’re curious as to what products are currently Avalanche’s most popular dApps, you can check out this page. There’s a whole range of dApps being built on the protocol; from games, to DeFi products, marketplaces, exchanges, and more. The taxable events and type of tax incurred will depend on the dApp in question at the time, but the different types of actions (e.g. mint, income, borrow) are all covered in our platform’s categorization options.
Please note:
This Avalanche integration can seamlessly import all your transactions on a single wallet address. To get around the difficulties of tracking transactions across Avalanche’s C-Chain, X-Chain and P-Chain, we have implemented a system where when a user provides an Avalanche address, the algorithm looks up related transactions. The software then determines which addresses in the newly found transactions are associated with the original you provided. This search is repeated multiple times, resulting in a graph-like structure encompassing all of your addresses and transactions. In some cases, gaining a list of exports from the C-Chain is quite difficult for the algorithm. If this occurs and any transactions are not being detected, please follow this workaround:
Look through your X-Chain and P-Chain for imports from the C-Chain, and wherever there is an address missing, import that missing address into Crypto Tax Calculator.
The information provided on this website is general in nature and is not tax, accounting or legal advice. It has been prepared without taking into account your objectives, financial situation or needs. Before acting on this information, you should consider the appropriateness of the information having regard to your own objectives, financial situation and needs and seek professional advice. Summ (formerly Crypto Tax Calculator) disclaims all and any guarantees, undertakings and warranties, expressed or implied, and is not liable for any loss or damage whatsoever (including human or computer error, negligent or otherwise, or incidental or Consequential Loss or damage) arising out of, or in connection with, any use or reliance on the information or advice in this website. The user must accept sole responsibility associated with the use of the material on this site, irrespective of the purpose for which such use or results are applied. The information in this website is no substitute for specialist advice.
