No items found.
2023-03-31

Yield farming or DeFi interest

Earnings from yield farming or lending crypto in DeFi platforms are taxed as income at the time they are received. However, depositing into and withdrawing from a liquidity pool may be treated as a disposal, which is a capital gains event.

  • Example: Earning £500 in interest from a DeFi platform is subject to Income Tax.

Payments for goods or services

Receiving cryptocurrency as payment for goods or services is treated as income at its market value when received. There are instances where the “value” of the work will be taxed instead of the value of the crypto received. Professional advice should be taken if you are unsure.

  • Example: If you're paid 0.2 BTC for freelance work worth £6,000, this amount is subject to Income Tax.

Receiving airdrops

If you actively participate to receive an airdrop (e.g., completing tasks), the tokens are treated as income at their market value upon receipt.

  • Example: Earning £100 in tokens from an airdrop after completing tasks is subject to Income Tax.

Mining rewards

Mining rewards are taxed as income. Those undertaking mining activities to an extent to which they are operating a business will be subject to additional tax obligations.

  • Example: Earning 0.5 BTC through mining worth £10,000 at the time of receipt is subject to Income Tax.

Staking rewards

Cryptocurrency earned through staking is considered income at the market value at the time of receipt.

  • Example: If you earn 0.1 ETH through staking worth £200, this amount is subject to Income Tax.

Providing liquidity

Adding liquidity: If adding assets to a liquidity pool results in a change of ownership or creates a new token (e.g., LP tokens), it may be considered a taxable disposal, with CGT applying to any gains. The answer to this can usually be found within the terms and conditions of the protocol.

Removing liquidity: Removing assets from a liquidity pool may also be a disposal, potentially triggering CGT based on the gain or loss relative to the cost basis.

Liquidity pool rewards are generally treated as taxable income upon receipt, subject to Income Tax.

Selling airdropped tokens

Selling tokens received through an airdrop is a taxable disposal.

Tokens received without any action (eg, unsolicited distributions) are not taxed as income upon receipt. Instead, they are subject to Capital Gains Tax (CGT) when sold, with the cost basis typically being zero or the fair market value at the time of receipt if explicitly stated by HMRC.

Tokens earned through performing tasks (eg, completing activities) are taxed as income at the market value in GBP upon receipt. When sold, the gain or loss is subject to CGT, calculated using the market value at receipt as the cost basis.

  • Example: You perform a series of tasks to qualify for an airdrop. You then sell that airdropped token for £500 and it has a cost basis of £200. The £200 cost basis would have been subject to income tax in the tax year in which it was received and the £300 gain is subject to CGT in the tax year in which the token is sold.

Selling NFTs

Disposing of NFTs is treated similarly to crypto disposals, with gains subject to CGT.

  • Example: If you bought an NFT for £1,000 and sold it for £3,000, the £2,000 profit is taxable.

Gifting cryptocurrency (excluding spouse or civil partner)

Gifting crypto to someone triggers CGT based on the market value at the time of the gift. Gifting to registered charities or your spouse or civil partner does not trigger a taxable event. Here, we have often seen individuals gifting tokens to others but keeping them in their own wallet. If this is the case, it is very important to document the gift. Consider speaking to a tax advisor if you are uncertain of your position.

  • Example: Giving 1 ETH to a friend worth £2,000 incurs CGT on any gains above its cost basis.

Using crypto to purchase goods or services

Spending cryptocurrency on goods or services is considered a disposal.

  • Example: Paying 0.5 BTC for a laptop is a taxable event. If the BTC had a cost basis of £5,000 but was worth £10,000 at the time of the transaction, the £5,000 gain is subject to CGT.

Crypto-to-crypto trades (swaps)

Exchanging one cryptocurrency for another (e.g., BTC for ETH) is treated as a disposal for tax purposes.

  • Example: Swapping BTC worth £5,000 for ETH creates a taxable event, with any profit based on the cost basis of your Bitcoin. The value of the BTC when swapping will be the proceeds and will also become the cost of the ETH that has been obtained.

Selling crypto for GBP

Any profit made when you sell crypto for fiat currency (e.g., GBP) is a taxable event.

  • Example: If you bought BTC for £10,000 and sold it for £15,000, you have a taxable gain of £5,000.

How Investing vs Trading impacts tax

In most cases of buying and selling cryptocurrency as a retail investor, you are participating in investing rather than trading. The two are treated differently for tax purposes.

  • Investing is subject to capital gains tax or income tax, depending on the nature of the transaction.
  • Trading in this case refers to self-employment which is subject to income tax and National Insurance Contributions.

The key difference between investing and trading – along with the different tax treatments, is how losses generated in the crypto-activity can be used.

In their guidance, HMRC have explicitly stated that they would expect it to be exceedingly rare that any crypto-activity constituting buying & selling crypto would be classified as “trading”.

If you are uncertain, speak to a tax advisor as there are always exceptions, including but not limited to, developing tokens and large scale mining.

How is crypto tax calculated in the United States?

You can be liable for both capital gains and income tax depending on the type of cryptocurrency transaction, and your individual circumstances. For example, you might need to pay capital gains on profits from buying and selling cryptocurrency, or pay income tax on interest earned when holding crypto.

All Countries

Thank you! Your submission has been received!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
USA flag
United Kingdom
blog
31
 
Mar
 
2023
 - 
10
min read

IRS updates crypto question on Form 1040

Wondering about the latest updates to the IRS tax forms in regards to crypto? We let you know exactly what’s changed in our blog.

Key takeaways
This tax guide is regularly updated: Last Update  
CryptoTax Calculator thumbnail

IRS updates crypto question on Form 1040

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has proposed an update to a question regarding crypto asked on Form 1040, the tax form required by all US taxpayers to file as part of their annual income tax return.

For the tax year just passed, the question on Form 1040 read as “At any time during 2021, did you receive, sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of any financial interest in any virtual currency?”

The IRS clarified in their frequently asked questions section on their website that, for 2021 tax returns, if your only transactions involving virtual currency during 2021 were purchases of virtual currency with real currency, you are not required to answer “yes” to the Form 1040 question, and should, instead, check the “no” box.

The newly proposed addition to the Form 1040 now reads: “At any time during 2022, did you: (a) receive (as a reward, award, or compensation); or (b) sell, exchange, gift, or otherwise dispose of a digital asset (or a financial interest in a digital asset)?”. This update presumably aims to more thoroughly cover new types of activity arising in the crypto space. The rewording of ‘virtual currency’ to ‘digital asset’ could be seen as a move to encompass all forms of digital assets including cryptocurrencies, such as NFTs. The inclusion of ‘reward’ and ‘award’ could be read as a nod to the increasing popularity of staking reward programs, and play to earn games.

All in all, this update shows that the IRS is attempting to adapt to the constantly shifting landscape of the crypto industry. While it’s yet to be determined whether the draft will be solidified for use in the next tax season, it can be assumed that more information will be released by the IRS in the future.

Disclaimer: The content of this guide is for general informational purposes only. It is not legal or tax advice. Viewing this guide, purchasing or using Summ (formerly Crypto Tax Calculator) does not create an attorney-client relationship or a tax advisor-client relationship.

The information in this guide represents the opinions of experienced crypto tax professionals; however, some of the topics in this guide are still subject to debate amongst professionals, and tax authorities could ultimately release guidance that conflicts with the information in this guide. The information contained in this guide is based on the authors’ interpretation of current guidelines. Changes to the guidelines may be retroactive and could significantly alter the views expressed herein. Therefore, use this information at your own risk and for information purposes only.

Consult a professional regarding your individual tax or legal situation.

The information provided on this website is general in nature and is not tax, accounting or legal advice. It has been prepared without taking into account your objectives, financial situation or needs. Before acting on this information, you should consider the appropriateness of the information having regard to your own objectives, financial situation and needs and seek professional advice. Summ (formerly Crypto Tax Calculator) disclaims all and any guarantees, undertakings and warranties, expressed or implied, and is not liable for any loss or damage whatsoever (including human or computer error, negligent or otherwise, or incidental or Consequential Loss or damage) arising out of, or in connection with, any use or reliance on the information or advice in this website. The user must accept sole responsibility associated with the use of the material on this site, irrespective of the purpose for which such use or results are applied. The information in this website is no substitute for specialist advice.

FAQ

No items found.
Table of contents
heading2
heading3

More resources

CryptoTax Calculator thumbnail
Blog
17
 
Oct
 
2025
Big News: Crypto Tax Calculator has rebranded to Summ
Read More
CryptoTax Calculator thumbnail
Blog
26
 
Aug
 
2025
Will Trump Remove Tax On Crypto?

Tax experts discuss whether Donald Trump is likely to issue an executive order to reduce or eliminate capital gains tax from cryptocurrency, and what other policies might benefit investors.

Read More
CryptoTax Calculator thumbnail
Blog
25
 
Jul
 
2025
How The IRS Knows You've Traded Crypto

These are the tactics the IRS uses to collect data, track crypto and match it to your identity. And what to do if you've get audited.

Read More

Try summ today

Import your transactions and generate a free report preview.